punjabi8 min
Punjabi DNA: Ancient Origins from the Indus to the Swat Valley
Punjabi ancestry through ancient DNA: the Indus Periphery and Rakhigarhi genomes, AASI, the Steppe MLBA layer, the Swat Iron Age references and qpAdm.
Research journal
Blog
Methodology deep-dives, population spotlights, and engineering notes from the Ancestrify team, qpAdm modelling, ancient DNA panels, and how genetic ancestry analysis really works.
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Topic: south-asia
pashtun8 minPashtun DNA: Ancient Origins from the Indus to the Swat Valley
What ancient genomes say about Pashtun ancestry: Iranian farmer, AASI and Steppe streams, the Swat valley references, and the legends DNA cannot confirm.
bengali8 minBengali DNA: Ancient Origins of Bangladesh and West Bengal
What genomes say about Bengali ancestry: a strong AASI share, a Southeast Asian layer from Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burman speakers, and the gaps in the data.
qpadm4 minqpAdm models for South Asian ancestry: AASI, Indus Periphery and the proxy problem
South Asia is qpAdm's hardest standard fixture: one ancestral stream has no ancient sample at all. The working recipe — Indus Periphery, steppe MLBA, the Onge-as-AASI-proxy problem — with right sets, failure modes and a worked reading.
admixture3 minHarappaWorld explained: the South Asian admixture calculator and its 16 components
What HarappaWorld's S-Indian, Baloch and NE-Euro components are anchored to, why it remains the reference calculator for South Asian ancestry, and how its 2012 categories map onto what ancient DNA later proved.
ladakh9 minLadakh Ancient DNA: A Forgotten Population at 4,000 Metres
Ten genomes from a Himalayan cave reveal a population that was half Tibetan-related and half North Indian-related, mixing from about 2800 years ago.