DNA Traits · Nutrition & metabolism

Carbohydrate and protein intake

How much of the day's calories come from carbohydrate rather than protein and fat, as people reported it.

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Evidence · Replicated

What the research found

In the cited research, the T allele at rs10510554 was associated with a slightly larger share of calories from carbohydrate.

CC: Lower carb
CT: Middle
TT: Higher carb

Slight effect

What the study found

In the study, each copy went with higher share of daily calories from carbohydrate on average.

Over 235,000 people of European ancestry, discovery and replication cohorts combined · Table 1, rs10510554 carbohydrate row (the footnote states 'Beta = increase in phenotypic standard deviations per effect allele' and that P values use standard errors inflated by the LDSC intercept)

Evidence: Multi-cohort genome-wide meta-analysis at a replicated locus
Who was studied: European ancestry (UK Biobank and other cohorts)

1000 Genomes Project

How common each genotype is

How common each genotype is in the 1000 Genomes Project, by region
Region	CCLower carb	CTMiddle	TTHigher carb
All regions2,504 people	24%	47%	29%
Africa661 people	13%	49%	38%
The Americas347 people	29%	52%	20%
East Asia504 people	38%	44%	17%
Europe503 people	31%	49%	20%
South Asia489 people	12%	41%	47%

Among the 2,504 people of the 1000 Genomes Project, in five world regions. These percentages describe groups of people, never anyone’s chance of having a trait.

Ancient genomes

Through time

How often the studied letter was read in ancient people, era by era, in the region chosen.

Region

Through time: Europe
Before farmingbefore 6500 BC	16%7 of 43 copies read
First farmers6500 to 3000 BC	41%193 of 472 copies read
Bronze Age3000 to 1200 BC	39%141 of 364 copies read
Iron Age and Antiquity1200 BC to AD 600	40%212 of 534 copies read
Middle AgesAD 600 to 1500	44%182 of 415 copies read
Today1000 Genomes	44%446 of 1,006 copies

Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes

Altai Neanderthal: 2 copies
Vindija Neanderthal: 2 copies
Chagyrskaya Neanderthal: 2 copies
Denisovan: 2 copies

Neanderthals and Denisovans carried this letter too: it is the older of the two.

For most ancient people only one of their two copies can be read, so these counts are copies read, not people. Close relatives, repeated samples and samples the archive marks as unreliable are left out. Damage in old DNA can fake this letter, so it is counted only from samples treated to remove that damage and from high-quality genomes. Ancient genomes from the Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR v66): 15,136 people.

rs10510554

The marker

Gene or region: RARB region
Marker: rs10510554
Location: Chromosome 3 · GRCh37 25,099,776 · GRCh38 25,058,285
Letters studied: C and T, with T as the studied allele

A DNA Traits report reads this marker in your raw DNA file and shows which of the three genotypes is yours, with how common it is. It counts the copies of the studied allele; it does not measure the trait itself.

Marker: RARB region · rs10510554
Location: Chromosome 3 · GRCh37 25,099,776 · GRCh38 25,058,285
Studied allele: T
Published statistic: beta 0.019 SD per T in relative carbohydrate intake, P 2.94e-12 (Meddens 2021 Table 1; the footnote states 'Beta = increase in phenotypic standard deviations per effect allele' and that standard errors were inflated by the estimated LDSC intercept). The RARB locus replicated at the proxy rs7619139 (1000 Genomes CEU r2 0.90 with rs10510554): carbohydrate +0.203 percentage points of daily calories per T in the replication stage, P 4.0e-5, n 32,545, and P 5.9e-20 with UK Biobank added (Merino 2019 Table 2A and 2B). Meddens Table 1 prints no N on the SNP row; 0.02 SD per copy (Table 1, rs10510554 carbohydrate row (the footnote states 'Beta = increase in phenotypic standard deviations per effect allele' and that P values use standard errors inflated by the LDSC intercept))
1000 Genomes Project phase 3, people with 0, 1 and 2 copies: All regions 594 / 1174 / 736 · Africa 87 / 324 / 250 · The Americas 99 / 179 / 69 · East Asia 193 / 223 / 88 · Europe 156 / 248 / 99 · South Asia 59 / 200 / 230

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Limits

What it cannot tell you

Diet was self-reported, and the shift per copy is very small.

Genomic analysis of diet composition finds novel loci and associations with health and lifestyle (Meddens et al., 2021)

The same topic

More in Nutrition & metabolism

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