DNA Traits · Appearance
Hair shape, LCE3E marker
Whether scalp hair grows straight, wavy or curly.
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Evidence · Replicated
What the research found
In the cited research, the G allele at rs499697 was associated with curlier scalp hair.
- AA
- Straighter
- AG
- Middle
- GG
- Curlier
Slight effect
What the study found
In the study, each copy went with hair curliness on a three level scale from straight through wavy to curly about 0.11 points higher on average.
Dutch adults (Erasmus Rucphen Family study) · 977 people · Supplementary Table 2 (rs499697 row, ERF column: frequency 0.269, beta 0.1128, SE 0.0359, P 1.7e-3) and Methods (ERF three level curliness scale)
- Evidence
- Replicated genome-wide association
- Who was studied
- Primarily European ancestry
1000 Genomes Project
How common each genotype is
| Region | AAStraighter | AGMiddle | GGCurlier |
|---|---|---|---|
| All regions2,504 people | 67% | 28% | 5% |
| Africa661 people | 92% | 7% | <1% |
| The Americas347 people | 70% | 25% | 4% |
| East Asia504 people | 56% | 38% | 6% |
| Europe503 people | 51% | 40% | 8% |
| South Asia489 people | 56% | 37% | 7% |
Among the 2,504 people of the 1000 Genomes Project, in five world regions. These percentages describe groups of people, never anyone’s chance of having a trait.
Ancient genomes
Through time
How often the studied letter was read in ancient people, era by era, in the region chosen.
Region
Europe
| Before farmingbefore 6500 BC | 33%20 of 60 copies read |
|---|---|
| First farmers6500 to 3000 BC | 20%191 of 967 copies read |
| Bronze Age3000 to 1200 BC | 24%228 of 939 copies read |
| Iron Age and Antiquity1200 BC to AD 600 | 25%286 of 1,161 copies read |
| Middle AgesAD 600 to 1500 | 25%157 of 638 copies read |
| Today1000 Genomes | 28%285 of 1,006 copies |
Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes
- Altai Neanderthal
- No copies
- Vindija Neanderthal
- No copies
- Chagyrskaya Neanderthal
- No copies
- Denisovan
- No copies
Neanderthals and Denisovans carried the other letter, so this letter is younger than our split with them.
rs499697
The marker
- Gene or region
- LCE3E region
- Marker
- rs499697
- Location
- Chromosome 1 · GRCh37 152,493,154 · GRCh38 152,520,678
- Letters studied
- A and G, with G as the studied allele
A DNA Traits report reads this marker in your raw DNA file and shows which of the three genotypes is yours, with how common it is. It counts the copies of the studied allele; it does not measure the trait itself.
- Marker
- LCE3E region · rs499697
- Location
- Chromosome 1 · GRCh37 152,493,154 · GRCh38 152,520,678
- Studied allele
- G
- Published statistic
- Discovery: 0.13 points per G on a 0 to 5 curl scale in 23andMe, score 9.9 (P about 1e-10) (Eriksson 2010 Results). Liu 2018 per G: 0.084 European discovery meta-analysis (P 2.6e-17), ERF 0.113 (P 1.7e-3), POL 0.102 (P 0.027), CANDELA 0.029 (P 0.072), US 0.026 (P 0.47); non-Asian meta-analysis 0.071 (P 3.5e-17) (Supplementary Table 2); OR 1.13 in the multivariable model (Table 2) (Supplementary Table 2 (rs499697 row, ERF column: frequency 0.269, beta 0.1128, SE 0.0359, P 1.7e-3) and Methods (ERF three level curliness scale))
- 1000 Genomes Project phase 3, people with 0, 1 and 2 copies
- All regions 1671 / 712 / 121 · Africa 611 / 47 / 3 · The Americas 244 / 88 / 15 · East Asia 283 / 193 / 28 · Europe 259 / 203 / 41 · South Asia 274 / 181 / 34
Limits
What it cannot tell you
One of many markers that shape hair curl, with a small effect in the study.
Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies 8 novel loci involved in shape variation of human head hair (Liu et al., 2018)The same topic
More in Appearance
- Eye pigmentation
- Red hair association
- Blond hair association
- Hair shape
- Hair thickness association
- Skin pigmentation
- Freckling association
- Hair greying association
- Eyebrow thickness association
- Beard density association
- Unibrow association
- Nose bridge breadth association
- Nose wing breadth association
- Nose protrusion association
- Nose tip angle association
- Chin protrusion association
- Earlobe attachment association
- Earlobe size association
- Ear ridge folding association
- Male pattern hair loss
- Male pattern hair loss, HDAC9 marker
- Male pattern hair loss, EBF1 marker
- Male pattern hair loss, WNT10A marker
- Hair lightness, SLC24A4 marker
- Blond hair, TPCN2 marker
- Hair lightness, SLC45A2 marker
- Red hair, ASIP region marker
- Hair lightness, HERC2 marker
- Hair colour, IRF4 marker
- Hair shape, WNT10A marker
- Hair shape, PADI3 marker
- Hair shape, HOXC13 marker
- Hair shape, GATA3 region marker
- Hair shape, FRAS1 marker
- Straight hair, EDAR marker
- Eyebrow thickness, FOXD1 region marker
- Eyebrow thickness, FOXL2 marker
- Shovel-shaped incisors
- Finger length ratio (SMOC1 marker)
- Finger length ratio (LDAH marker)
- Finger length ratio (SALL1 marker)
- Finger length ratio (OLA1 marker)
- Nose root position
- Nose wing breadth (PAX1 marker)
- Earlobe attachment (PAX9 marker)
- Earlobe attachment (KIAA1217 marker)
- Earlobe attachment (MRPS22 marker)
- Fingerprint whorls (ADAMTS9 marker)
- Fingerprint whorls (EVI1 marker)
- Fingerprint whorls (SALL3 marker)
- Green or hazel eyes
- Eye pigmentation (TYR)
- Freckling (TYR)
- Skin pigmentation (OCA2 H615R)
- Freckling (PPARGC1B)
- Freckling (HSPA12A)
- Freckling (BNC2)
- Freckling (EMX2)
- Freckling (EIF6, ASIP region)
- Skin lightness (OCA2 A481T)
- Eye pigmentation (TSPAN10)
- Eye pigmentation (TYRP1)
- Eye pigmentation (SLC24A4)
- Eye pigmentation (SIK1)
- Eye pigmentation (OCA2 exon ten)
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