Evidence · Replicated

What the research found

In the cited research, the A allele at rs6059655 was associated with red natural hair colour.

GG: Less often
AG: Middle
AA: More often

Clear effect

Evidence: Genome-wide association; the marker's pigmentation association replicated
Who was studied: Primarily European ancestry

1000 Genomes Project

How common each genotype is

How common each genotype is in the 1000 Genomes Project, by region
Region	GGLess often	AGMiddle	AAMore often
All regions2,504 people	98%	2%	<1%
Africa661 people	>99%	<1%	Not seen
The Americas347 people	99%	1%	Not seen
East Asia504 people	All	Not seen	Not seen
Europe503 people	92%	8%	<1%
South Asia489 people	98%	2%	Not seen

Among the 2,504 people of the 1000 Genomes Project, in five world regions. These percentages describe groups of people, never anyone’s chance of having a trait.

Ancient genomes

Through time

How often the studied letter was read in ancient people, era by era, in the region chosen.

Region

Through time: Europe
Before farmingbefore 6500 BC	6%2 of 31 copies read
First farmers6500 to 3000 BC	4%10 of 278 copies read
Bronze Age3000 to 1200 BC	9%15 of 166 copies read
Iron Age and Antiquity1200 BC to AD 600	2%6 of 303 copies read
Middle AgesAD 600 to 1500	5%15 of 292 copies read
Today1000 Genomes	4%42 of 1,006 copies

Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes

Altai Neanderthal: Not read
Vindija Neanderthal: Not read
Chagyrskaya Neanderthal: No copies
Denisovan: Not read

For most ancient people only one of their two copies can be read, so these counts are copies read, not people. Close relatives, repeated samples and samples the archive marks as unreliable are left out. Damage in old DNA can fake this letter, so it is counted only from samples treated to remove that damage and from high-quality genomes. Ancient genomes from the Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR v66): 15,136 people.

rs6059655

The marker

Gene or region: RALY / ASIP region
Marker: rs6059655
Location: Chromosome 20 · GRCh37 32,665,748 · GRCh38 34,077,942
Letters studied: A and G, with A as the studied allele

A DNA Traits report reads this marker in your raw DNA file and shows which of the three genotypes is yours, with how common it is. It counts the copies of the studied allele; it does not measure the trait itself.

Marker: RALY / ASIP region · rs6059655
Location: Chromosome 20 · GRCh37 32,665,748 · GRCh38 34,077,942
Studied allele: A
Published statistic: OR 1.879 per A (minor allele, MAF 0.1059), Z 40.1, P 2.25e-308 for red against brown or black hair; blonde against brown or black OR 1.354 (Supplementary Table 4); one candidate in PICS fine-mapping; colocalises with an ASIP expression signal in skin (Supplementary Tables 9 to 12) and interacts with MC1R variants (Supplementary Table 3). Hysi 2018: -0.200 SD (UK Biobank) and -0.161 SD (23andMe) per A on the blond to black scale, VisiGen z -6.93, P 4.2e-12 (Supplementary Table 2) (Supplementary Table 1 (rs6059655 row) and Methods (group sizes))
1000 Genomes Project phase 3, people with 0, 1 and 2 copies: All regions 2443 / 59 / 2 · Africa 657 / 4 / 0 · The Americas 342 / 5 / 0 · East Asia 504 / 0 / 0 · Europe 463 / 38 / 2 · South Asia 477 / 12 / 0

See this card in the sample report

Limits

What it cannot tell you

This marker near ASIP mostly acts together with MC1R red hair variants, which this card does not read.

Genome-wide study of hair colour in UK Biobank explains most of the SNP heritability (Morgan et al., 2018)

The same topic

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